: 2015315514 Discipline : I MS Biotechnology 2. Curr Opin Plant Biol. Since improvements in NGS in terms of library preparation and sequence runs have seen a rapid development in the last years, it will only be a matter of time until sequencing … Association mapping shares much in common with quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping. Epub 2020 Jul 28. Choi SR, Oh SH, Chhapekar SS, Dhandapani V, Lee CY, Rameneni JJ, Ma Y, Choi GJ, Lee SS, Lim YP. A Short History and Perspectives on Plant Genetic Transformation. For crop species such as wheat and barley where no reference sequence is available, gene discovery relies on unassembled genome sequence data and expressed sequence tags (EST). The Role of Bioinformatics in Agriculture. Agricultural Development and Food Security in Developing Nations. Roche 454 technology is being used to sequence the 430 Mbp genome of Theobroma cacao (Scheffler et al., 2009), while a combination of Sanger and Roche 454 sequencing (4× vs. 12× coverage respectively) is being used to interrogate the apple genome (Velasco, 2009; Velasco et al., 2009). This enables the genetic mapping of specific genes of interest and assists in the identification of linked or perfect markers for traits, as well as increasing the density of markers on genetic maps (Rafalski, 2002). Discovery of variation in plant genomes has been limiting the application of sequence-based selection in plant improvement until the development of NGS. Broadening the Genetic Base of Grain Cereals. Please check your email for instructions on resetting your password. The cost of genotyping SNP in large populations continues to decline and it is unlikely that whole genome sequencing will replace specific marker genotyping for MAS in the near future. Genetic Enhancement of Crops for Tolerance to Abiotic Stress: Mechanisms and Approaches, Vol. National Center for Biotechnology Information, Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Current crop genome sequencing projects are rapidly changing pace with the new technology and researchers are quickly adopting second generation sequencing to gain insight into their favourite genome. The development of these markers also allows the integration of genetic and physical maps. The sequencing of Brassica rapa follows from the success of sequencing cucumber, where a hybrid strategy consisting of 4× Sanger, 68× Illumina Solexa, as well as 20× and 10× coverage from end sequenced fosmid and BAC libraries were used to assemble more than 96% of the cucumber genome (Huang et al., 2009). High‐throughput genotyping for species identification and diversity assessment in germplasm collections. Designing polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers to the read pairs enables the amplification and sequencing of the gene and corresponding genomic region in the target species. Nuclear Species-Diagnostic SNP Markers Mined from 454 Amplicon Sequencing Reveal Admixture Genomic Structure of Modern Citrus Varieties. Recent advances in DNA sequencing technology are radically changing biological and biomedical research and will have a major impact on crop improvement. USA.gov. These results demonstrate that even relatively short reads generated by the Illumina Genome Analyzer can be used for SNP discovery in complex crop genomes. Because of the complexity of crop genomes, de novo sequencing with next‐generation sequencing technologies is a process fraught with difficulties that then create roadblocks to the utilization of these genome sequences for crop improvement. The inheritance of many agronomic traits are difficult to quantify in field experiments. Simple sequence repeats have also been identified from second generation sequence data using the Roche 454 technology (Abdelkrim et al., 2009; Allentoft et al., 2009; Santana et al., 2009). Genome editing technologies enable precise modifications of DNA sequences in vivo and offer a great promise for harnessing plant genes in crop improvement. The use of unstructured populations in association mapping means that they represent many more recombination events and are often many generations from a common ancestor, providing the potential of a greater resolution for a set population size. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Nearly 150 scientists and industrialists attended a recent meeting outside Cambridge to review progress in the application of genomics to crop plant improvement. Innovation and Technology Transfer Among Firms in the Agricultural Input Sector. Biotechnological Perspectives of Omics and Genetic Engineering Methods in Alfalfa. Plant genome sequencing - applications for crop improvement. In case of orphan crops where no sequence … 2020 Sep 18;295(38):13267-13276. doi: 10.1074/jbc.REV120.010850. The first of these technologies to come to market uses single‐molecule sequencing and was commercialized by Helicos Biosciences (Cambridge, MA, USA). The functions of many of the genes identified by genome sequencing remain unknown and the genetic control of the majority of agronomic traits has yet to be determined. They can increase our understanding of phenotypic characteristics and their genetic association, which may modify the breeding strategy. Plant genome sequencing: applications for crop improvement. Association mapping is a further statistical method to identify genetic loci associated with phenotypic trait variation. Plant genome sequencing — applications for crop improvement Author: Bolger, Marie E, Weisshaar, Bernd, Scholz, Uwe, Stein, Nils, Usadel, Björn, Mayer, Klaus FX Source: Current opinion in biotechnology 2014 v.26 pp. Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) and Mendelian Trait Loci (MTL) Analysis in Prunus: a Breeding Perspective and Beyond. Mapping QTLs for 100-seed weight in an interspecific soybean cross of Williams 82 (Glycine max) and PI 366121 (Glycine soja). Discovery and Role of Molecular Markers Involved in Gene Mapping, Molecular Breeding, and Genetic Diversity. . For moderately sized genomes, we can now cost effectively sequence multiple varieties for genome wide SNP discovery. Pacific biosciences have developed a single‐molecule real‐time sequencing system that promises to produce several Gbp of relatively long reads (>1 kbp) (Eid et al., 2009). Sequencing of plant and crop genomes is becoming routine; however, the results are at various levels of completeness. Other companies are also working on third generation sequencing systems and it is likely that yet more advanced sequencing technology will be available in the relatively near future. Furthermore, the integration of molecular marker data with genomics, proteomics and phenomics data allows researchers to link sequenced genome data with observed traits, bridging the genome to phenome divide. 2020 25th Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference (ASP-DAC). Solanum lycopersicum L. Identifying the genomic basis of climate-related agronomic traits for introgression into crop germplasm is a major challenge, requiring the … Development of an SNP set for marker-assisted breeding based on the genotyping-by-sequencing of elite inbred lines in watermelon. The ‘success stories’ indicate that additional breakthroughs are to be expected when sequencing multiple cultivars or land-races. Recently, Roche 454 technology was used to sequence and assemble 148 Mbp of expressed sequences (EST) for Eucalyptus grandis (Novaes et al., 2008). Genomic interventions for sustainable agriculture. Several companies are currently bringing to market different technologies termed third generation sequencing, taking DNA sequence production to a further level of scale and reducing costs. DNA sequencing technology is undergoing a revolution with the commercialization of second generation technologies capable of sequencing thousands of millions of nucleotide bases in each run. The Illumina Solexa Genome Analyzer (currently the GAIIx) uses reversible terminator chemistry to generate up to 50 Gbp of data per run with read lengths over 100 bp (Simpson et al., 2009). The data explosion resulting from this technology is likely to continue to increase with the further development of second generation sequencing and the introduction of third generation single‐molecule sequencing methods over the coming years. In a preliminary experiment to demonstrate the utility of the procedure, several millions tags were produced, corresponding to 292 948 and 166 455 unique high‐quality 16 bp tag sequences for the two maize inbred lines B73 and GA209 respectively. Meta-analysis of GWAS in canola blackleg (Leptosphaeria maculans) disease traits demonstrates increased power from imputed whole-genome sequence. The AB SOLiD System (currently version 3) has been used for tag based applications such as gene expression and ChIP Seq. The advances in genome sequencing technology, allowing the production of millions of markers, provides an increasing ability to generate large quantities of molecular marker genotyping data, which favours association studies over traditional QTL mapping, because of this, association studies are likely to become more common. SNP discovery involves finding differences between two sequences. Dumschott K, Schmidt MH, Chawla HS, Snowdon R, Usadel B. J Exp Bot. Roles of Genomics in Addressing Global Food Security. Working off-campus? The relatively high level of DNA methylation in repetitive regions of the genome has been used to enrich for and sequence the gene‐rich regions of several genomes. Genotyping-by-sequencing technology reveals directions for coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) breeding strategies for water production. While many of the simple traits have been well characterized at the genome level, there are many other traits which are poorly understood. Molecular Markers and Cotton Genetic Improvement: Current Status and Future Prospects. Epub 2009 Nov 9. DNA sequencing technology is undergoing a revolution with the commercialization of second generation technologies capable of sequencing thousands of millions of nucleotide bases in each run. Based on this validation rate, this pilot experiment conservatively identified >4900 valid SNP within >2400 maize genes, demonstrating the suitability and potential of the approach. eCollection 2020. Comprehensive analysis of long noncoding RNA and mRNA in five colorectal cancer tissues and five normal tissues. Review of empirical and emerging breeding methods and tools for yam (Dioscorea spp.) Rice was the first crop genome to be sequenced (Goff et al., 2002; Yu et al., 2002; Matsumoto et al., 2005), following shortly on from the sequencing of the first model plant genome, Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis Genome, 2000). Genomics of plant genetic resources: a gateway to a new era of global food security. While second generation sequencing can readily be applied for the discovery of markers which can be applied for MAS, there is little if any benefit in using whole genome sequencing during selection as the vast majority of SNP are not associated with agronomic traits. 2020 Sep 19;71(18):5313-5322. doi: 10.1093/jxb/eraa263. Recurrent parent genome (RPG) recovery analysis in a marker-assisted backcross breeding based on the genotyping-by-sequencing in tomato ( Molecular Approaches for Harvesting Natural Diversity for Crop Improvement. Helianthus Genomewide association study for seeding emergence and tiller number using SNP markers in an elite winter wheat population. 2015 Apr;24:71-81. doi: 10.1016/j.pbi.2015.02.002. Sugarcane genome sequencing by methylation filtration provides tools for genomic research in the genus accharum. Epub 2015 Feb 19. tauschii. Morphology based phenotypic selection was the only method adopted in regard with crop improvement in the pre- sequencing era. Second generation sequencing has been applied to study methylation of the Arabidopsis genome (Lister et al., 2008), and a greater understanding of the epigenetic modification of genomes and the impact of such modification on gene expression is likely to have outcomes for crop improvement approaches. Sequencing-based omics, including whole genome sequencing, transcriptome and proteome sequencing, as well as small RNA sequencing will help identify key genes and their associated gene network for crop improvement. The SSR can be used along with SNP in MAS or for comparative genomics to bring useful traits from wild relatives. The amazing pace at which genome sequences are becoming available is largely due to the improvement in sequencing technologies both in terms of cost and speed. This allows the translation of information between model species with sequenced genomes and non‐model species (Moore et al., 1995). Leafing through the genomes of our major crop plants: strategies for capturing unique information. DNA sequencing technology is undergoing a revolution with the commercialization of second generation technologies capable of sequencing thousands of millions of nucleotide bases in each run. MAS allows the breeder to achieve early selection of a trait in a breeding program, and it is particularly useful when the trait is under complex genetic control, or when phenotypic trials are unreliable or expensive. Reference genome sequences for several crop species are now becoming available and this information permits both the rapid identification of candidate genes through bioinformatics analysis, and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) discovery through comparison of the reference with sequence data from different cultivars. Achieving Crop Stress Tolerance and Improvement—an Overview of Genomic Techniques. (2008) have taken this method further and demonstrated SNP discovery from a subset of maize genomic sequences selected using a methylation sensitive restriction endonuclease. Whole Genome Resequencing of Capsicum baccatum and Capsicum annuum to Discover Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Related to Powdery Mildew Resistance. 2014 Jun 10;12(6):e1001883. The assessment of disease resistance is dependent of the presence of a virulent pathogen, and complex traits such as drought tolerance and yield are influenced by many genetic and environmental factors. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. In case of orphan crops where no sequence data is available, it is now relatively easy to generate sufficient data for computational gene and molecular marker discovery. 193 Citations (Scopus) Overview; Fingerprint; Abstract. Nat Rev Genet. One of the first applications of next generation sequencing in plants identified over 36 000 putative maize SNP using 260 000 and 280 000 EST, sequenced using the Roche GS20. This is particularly true for complex traits which are controlled by interacting gene networks. The ongoing revolution in genomics offers an unprecedented potential to aid crops in adapting to changing environments and increase yield, while also facilitating the diversification of crop production with minor and newly established crop species. NLM Using Genomics to Adapt Crops to Climate Change. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Elucidating the major hidden genomic components of the A, C, and AC genomes and their influence on Brassica evolution. Plant genome sequencing: applications for crop improvement.  |  2020 Sep 18;11:585515. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2020.585515. The Plant Genome is a gold open access journal that provides the latest advances and breakthroughs in plant genomics research, with special attention to innovative genomic applications that advance our understanding of plant biology that may have applications to crop improvement. Flow cytometric chromosome sorting from diploid progenitors of bread wheat, T. urartu, Ae. Polyploidy and Hybridization for Crop Improvement. Stringent post‐processing reduced this number to >7000 putative SNP, and over 85% (94/110) of a sample of these putative SNP were successfully validated by Sanger sequencing. Bolger ME (1), Weisshaar B (2), Scholz U (3), Stein N (3), Usadel B (4), Mayer KF (5). . The size and hexaploid nature of the wheat genome creates significant problems in elucidating its genome sequence. The identification of genes and molecular markers underlying these agronomic traits will help accelerate the breeding process and lead to improved varieties with improved yield and quality, tolerance to unfavourable environmental conditions and resistance to disease. Roche 454 technology has been applied for the sequencing of complex BAC from barley (Wicker et al., 2006; Stein, 2009) and this has been complemented by repeat characterization using whole genome shotgun Illumina Solexa data (Wicker et al., 2008). Library and Information Services for Bioinformatics Education and Research.  |  The continued rapid advances in genome sequencing technology will likely lead to whole genome sequencing becoming the standard method for genetic polymorphism discovery. The use of common molecular genetic markers across related species permits the comparison of linkage maps. Sequences are then aligned and any polymorphisms identified. The Application of aDNA Genome Sequencing for Modern Crop Improvement and Promotion The information obtained from aDNA studies can be applied in modern agriculture and various fields of research. 2020 Jun 10;21(11):4157. doi: 10.3390/ijms21114157. Development of a RAD-Seq Based DNA Polymorphism Identification Software, AgroMarker Finder, and Its Application in Rice Marker-Assisted Breeding. Student : Ragavendran Abbai ID. The EST sequences were generated from a normalized cDNA pool comprised of multiple tissues and genotypes. Genome-Wide SNP Calling Using Next Generation Sequencing Data in Tomato. Impact of Next‐generation Sequencing in Elucidating the Role of microRNA Related to Multiple Abiotic Stresses. Number of times cited according to CrossRef: Social and Environmental Impacts on Agricultural Development. While the large volume of next generation sequencing data are generally produced at the expense of sequence quality, the over sampling of genome data enables the differentiation between true SNP and sequence error. By generating up to 1× coverage of a crop genome sequence with short paired read sequence data, it is possible to identify numerous reads which correspond to homologous genes in related species. Application of genetics and biotechnology for improving medicinal plants. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001883. Each of these three systems are capable of producing mate‐paired sequences enabling the resolution of repetitive regions. Learn more. The recent advances in genome sequencing, through the development of second generation sequencing technologies and beyond, provide opportunities to develop millions of novel markers, in non‐model crop species, as well as identification of genes of agronomic importance. New Breeding Techniques for Sustainable Agriculture. Efficiency of SNP and SSR-based analysis of genetic diversity, population structure, and relationships among cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) Optimization of native biocontrol agents, with parasitoids of the invasive pest Drosophila suzukii as an example. Quantitative Trait Locus Mapping of Clubroot Resistance and. Deschamps et al. Get the latest public health information from CDC: https://www.coronavirus.gov, Get the latest research information from NIH: https://www.nih.gov/coronavirus, Find NCBI SARS-CoV-2 literature, sequence, and clinical content: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sars-cov-2/. Whole genome sequencing is the most robust method to identify the great variety of genetic diversity in a population and gain a greater understanding of the relationship between the inherited genome and observed heritable traits. Identification of all genes within a species permits an understanding of how important agronomic traits are controlled, knowledge of which can be directly translated into crop improvement. There are currently several projects internationally which will generate a substantial quantity of sequence data for wheat, and expectations are that by 2012, the majority of the gene‐rich regions of hexaploid wheat will have been sequenced. Genome-Wide Association Study Reveals Natural Variations Contributing to Drought Resistance in Crops. Chromosome Res. By aligning sequencing reads from multiple genotypes 23 742 SNP were predicted, 83% of which were validated. A chromosome‐scale draft sequence of the Canada fleabane genome. Support from the Australian Genome Research Facility (AGRF), the Queensland Cyber Infrastructure Foundation (QCIF), the Australian Partnership for Advanced Computing (APAC) and Queensland Facility for Advanced Bioinformatics (QFAB) is gratefully acknowledged. QTL mapping generally involves the use of structured populations and relatively distant markers can segregate with the QTL, providing a wide genetic region within which the gene is located. With the development of molecular techniques, MAS is now used to enhance traditional breeding programs to improve crops, and modern plant breeding is dependent on molecular markers for the rapid and precise analysis of germplasm and for trait mapping (Koebner and Summers, 2002). Since then, the number of crop genomes sequenced each year has increased steadily. eCollection 2014 Jun. Molecular genetic markers are based on variation in the genome that can be assayed and monitored between individuals and across generations. Whole genome resequencing of watermelons to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms related to flesh color and lycopene content. Author: Bolger, M. E. et al. Revolution in Genotyping Platforms for Crop Improvement. For crop species such as wheat and barley where no reference sequence is available, gene discovery relies on unassembled genome sequence data and expressed sequence tags (EST). Although many aspects of a complex trait, such as yield, may be characterized individually, it is unlikely that the genetic basis underlying all components of yield heritability will be understood in the near future. PLoS Biol. A similar approach is being applied to develop a draft consensus sequence for the 504 Mbp grape genome (Velasco et al., 2007) where a combination of 6.5× Sanger paired read sequences and 4.2× unpaired Roche 454 reads were assembled into 2093 metacontigs representing an estimated 94.6% of the genome. Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology. However, the function of an individual gene needs to be confirmed and CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing is particularly useful technology. Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Breeding, Biotechnology and Molecular Tools. Genome and transcriptome sequencing characterises the gene space of Macadamia integrifolia (Proteaceae). History and current status of wheat miRNAs using next-generation sequencing and their roles in development and stress. Genomic variants of genes associated with three horticultural traits in apple revealed by genome re-sequencing. These markers can be used to develop haplotypes for genes or regions of interest, and complete genome mapping is now becoming a reality. Though many of the published genomes are considered incomplete, they nevertheless have proved a valuable tool to understand important crop traits such as fruit ripening, grain traits and flowering time adaptation. The first approach to second generation sequencing was pyrosequencing, commercialized by Roche (Basel, Switzerland) as the GS20 (Margulies et al., 2005). Gene Pool Diversity and Crop Improvement. Request PDF | Plant genome sequencing: Applications for crop improvement | DNA sequencing technology is undergoing a revolution with the commercialization of … Worldwide Research Trends on Wheat and Barley: A Bibliometric Comparative Analysis. This led to the identification of numerous putative SNP, of which a significant portion was successfully validated by Sanger sequencing. Two alternative ultra high throughput sequencing systems now compete with the Roche GS FLX; the SOLiD system from Applied Biosystems (ABI) (Carlsbad, California, USA); and Solexa Genome Analyser technology, now commercialized by Illumina (San Diego, California, USA). J Biol Chem. Enter your email address below and we will send you your username, If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your username, By continuing to browse this site, you agree to its use of cookies as described in our, I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of Use, Fast, cost‐effective development of species specific microsatellite markers by genomic sequencing, Identification of microsatellites from an extinct moa species using high‐throughput (454) sequence data, Analysis of the genome sequence of the flowering plant, SNP discovery via 454 transcriptome sequencing, Redundancy based detection of sequence polymorphisms in expressed sequence tag data using autoSNP, Mining for single nucleotide polymorphisms and insertions/deletions in maize expressed sequence tag data, SNP discovery in corn with the Solexa/illumina genome analyzer, AutoSNPdb: an annotated single nucleotide polymorphism database for crop plants, Molecular genetic markers: discovery, applications, data storage and visualisation, Single nucleotide polymorphism discovery in barley using autoSNPdb, Real‐time sequencing, DNA from molecules, single polymerase, Single‐molecule DNA sequencing of a viral genome, Analysis of genome structure and organization in banana (, Recent developments of the cucumber genome initiative‐an international effort to unlock the genetic potential of an orphan crop using novel genomic technology, Next generation sequencing of plant genomes, Discovering genetic polymorphisms in next‐generation sequencing data, SSRPrimer and SSR taxonomy tree: Biome SSR discovery, The impact of molecular markers on the wheat breeding paradigm, Highly integrated single‐base resolution maps of the epigenome in Arabidopsis, Genome sequencing in microfabricated high‐density picolitre reactors, The map‐based sequence of the rice genome, Cereal genome evolution – grasses, line up and form a circle, High‐throughput gene and SNP discovery in, Efficient mapping of applied biosystems SOLiD sequence data to a reference genome for functional genomic applications, Applications of single nucleotide polymorphisms in crop genetics, Simple sequence repeat marker loci discovery using SSR primer, Microsatellite discovery by deep sequencing of enriched genomic libraries, Efforts towards sequencing the Cacao genome (, ABySS: a parallel assembler for short read sequence data, A genome survey of Miscanthus × Giganteus, The golden delicious apple genome: an international whole genome sequencing initiative, A high quality draft consensus sequence of the genome of a heterozygous grapevine variety, Apple genome sequencing and post‐genomic program at IASMA research center, 454 Sequencing put to the test using the complex genome of barley, Low‐pass shotgun sequencing of the barley genome facilitates rapid identification of genes, conserved non‐coding sequences and novel repeats, The sequencing and resequencing of cotton. In sequence analysis of long noncoding RNA and mRNA in five colorectal tissues... Genomic variants of genes and gene conversions in Cicer arietinum and Brassica napus progress and Prospects and of... Rapa genome of Functional markers for marker-assisted breeding in complex crop genomes at a cost... Complete set of features full text of this article hosted at iucr.org is unavailable due to GxE.... Candidate genes associated with phenotypic trait variation markers can be assayed and between! The size and hexaploid nature of the simple traits have been identified and characterized in detail of! A, C, and AC genomes and non‐model species ( Moore al.! Sequence-Based selection in plant breeding strategies: breeding, biotechnology and molecular,! 10 ; 21 ( 11 ):4157. doi: 10.1007/s10577-006-1107-9, Snowdon R, Usadel B. J Bot. Sequencing ( NGS ) tools and impact in plant breeding the ‘ success stories indicate! Markers can be used for map resolution which a significant portion was successfully validated by Sanger sequencing conversions Cicer... Pool comprised of multiple cultivars of smaller crop genomes at a reasonable cost Inconsistent to! The AB SOLiD System ( currently version 3 ) has been limiting the application of genomics and Bioinformatics to plant. And Cotton genetic improvement: interspecific Hybridization within and between Ploidy Levels in Helianthus with three horticultural in. Godwin ID, Kumar Varshney R. plant Biotechnol J genomes at a reasonable cost breeding, and. Marker density being important for map resolution data produced using second generation technologies is particularly suited for study. In Malpighiales microRNA regulatory network associated with resistance to ascochyta blight in chickpea for genomic research in sequencing! On plant genetic resources: a Bibliometric comparative analysis nuclear Species-Diagnostic SNP markers from! To CrossRef: Social and Environmental Impacts on Agricultural development and genomic resources for agriculture: implications! Ultimate marker-assisted selection ( MAS ) breeding to consider sequencing cereal genomes in particular remain,. 18 ):5313-5322. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2009.00459.x review progress in the application of and! Sequencing ( NGS ) tools and impact in plant improvement large genomic fragments maintained within can! ( 3 ):174-84. doi: 10.1074/jbc.REV120.010850 de novo sequencing of these three systems are of! Of agronomic traits in Foxtail Millet markers co-segregating with Ug99 effective stem rust resistance Sr26. Polymorphism discovery below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues responses... Study for seeding emergence and tiller number using SNP markers for marker-assisted breeding large genome cereal plant genome sequencing applications for crop improvement. Korean journal of horticultural science and technology transfer Among Firms in the genus accharum with crop Dr.S.Uma. Where the Future will Take Us emergence and tiller number using SNP markers for marker-assisted breeding for wheat improvement repetitive...