The body can connote class. In Art Make-Up 1967-8 Nauman used his body to mask and erase his own identity through the application of different coloured make-up associating himself as actor taking on different guises and mutations. The Bamana twin figures and Masaccio’s Adam and Eve demonstrate two distinct ways of representing men and women and two distinct ways of thinking about the nude human form. In our current American context, getting a tattoo is often an act of rebellion. I am referencing traditional Samoan dance, but at the same time I’m trying to actually take it somewhere else. Deborah Vischak, Ph.D., is a lecturer and postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Art and Archaeology at Princeton University. She has also conducted field research and curated exhibitions in both North America and Honduras. Everything good surrounds adornment. What Becomes of the “colonial” Body in Post-colonial Art? So I’m sort of turning the idea, the whole idea of romanticism on its head. Previous All Episodes (13) Next . A forthcoming book co-edited with Kathleen Bickford Berzock, Representing Africa in American Art Museums: A Century of Collecting and Display, examines the impact that museum practice has on the formation of meaning and the public perception of African art. A body can also convey age, gender and sexuality, obviously. And she styled herself as a kind of living art object. Over the course of her career, Dehejia has focused her research on Indian and South Asian art, specifically Indian sculpture and architecture. Andrew Bolton: The body is constantly in vogue and it’s constantly in vogue in art. And this is something that they as Christians took very seriously. and Ph.D from the Institute of Fine Arts, New York University. Vidya Dehejia: There is no such thing as a nude in the art of India. It is unique in the ancient world. Schneemann received a B.A. She has been honored with Columbia University’s Hettleman Award for teaching and service, a Guggenheim and an NEH Fellowship. and Ph.D. from the University of Maryland. Clarke received her B.A. The fa’a fafine community in Samoa is generally an accepted group of people in Samoa society. Is the Meaning of Nudity in Art Universal? Throughout the 20th and 21st centuries, the mainstream idea of the “perfect body shape” for women has shifted almost as often as fashion trends. It seems pretty clear that there is a direct line from what Pollock was doing to performance art. Anne D’Alleva: She is absolutely challenging the Western fantasy and saying, what do you think this is based on? Her research and writing have concentrated on women’s arts in Northeastern Nigeria—which include ceramics, decorated gourds and programs of body scarification—and on the historical and ritual importance of figurative ceramic vessels. Through art, the body becomes a site for defining individual identity, constructing sex and gender ideals, negotiating power, and experimenting with the nature of representation itself. From painting to sculpture, body art to performance art, the body has figured prominently in the creative expression of nearly all cultures from the beginning of civilization. from Harvard College and his Ph.D. from New York University. He is intended to be the best of all best types, namely the best warrior. Exhibitions she has curated feature topics on twentieth-century art and design, including solo projects on the artists Magdalene Odundo and Renee Stout. You have this curious other series of youthful naked men. View production, box office, & company info What's Streaming Now on Netflix? ), W: 5 in. Cindy Sherman really starting with the body, dressing herself up, using her own body as her material, really changed the entire late twentieth-century art, and it has nothing to do with the history of photography and everything to do with the body as this place to put all these different ideas. Learning Resources. RoseLee Goldberg is the founding director and curator of PERFORMA, a non-profit, multi-disciplinary arts organization. Two centuries of research have failed to find any previous ancient culture that stripped to exercise as the Greeks came to do by the fifth century BC and that privileged the male body to quite that extent and was willing to take all its clothes off both in art and in life. And he was very disturbed by this. from Harvard University and her M.A. Search. Naturalism is word that art historians use all the time to talk about the way that something looks close to nature. The Bamana twin figures and Masaccio’s Zainab Bahrani, Ph.D., is the Edith Porada Professor of Ancient Near Eastern Art History and Archaeology and the director of graduate studies in the Department of Art History and Archaeology at Columbia University, New York. Foundation peg-figurine in the shape of a praying goddess, Unknown, Early Dynastic Period, ca. Sidlauskas holds a B.A. In performance art , a term coined in the early 1960s as the genre was starting to take hold, the actions an artist performs are central to the work of art. Susan Sidlauskas: Almost every generation will have at least a handful of women artists who are struggling to control their own representations. It would be quite surprising if the art did not shift. And one of the original laws was no tattooing, outlawing tattoo. Art Through Time: A Global View > Susan Sidlauskas: This is John Singer Sargent’s Madame X, painted in 1884. Her painting, photography, performance art, and installation works have been shown at the Los Angeles Museum of Contemporary Art, the Whitney Museum of American Art, the Museum of Modern Art, New York, Centre Georges Pompidou, and the New Museum of Contemporary Art in New York. (35.6 cm. Galleria dell'Accademia. Vidya Dehejia : That’s what’s so fascinating about studying the body of any particular cultural tradition. And it is about the experience of being here. TV Shows . One of the reasons I made these works is because much of the Pacific has been personified by exotic Polynesian femininity. In fact, the best way I could put it is to say that the only people who are not adorned are those who are in mourning. Prior to her work at Rutgers, Sidlauskas held positions at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston and the Committee on the Visual Arts at MIT. What are some reasons why one artist might favor a more abstract approach to the body, another a more naturalistic one? The Body > 13.2 Art: The Creation of Adam. Very often you look at some of the images and they seem as if they don’t have clothing, but if you look closely you will see the lines along the ankles, around the neck, around the wrists, bits of floating, translucent fabric. We think about painting and sculpture and architecture as our high art forms. At the risk of reciting a cliché, the only thing we know for sure is that we don’t know what the future will hold. The held poses – sculptural and mannered yet completely living, flesh and blood. Adornment is exceedingly important in the context of the culture of India. Bahrani has authored, co-authored, and edited a number of books, including Rituals of War: the Body and Violence in Mesopotamia, The Graven Image: Representation in Babylonia and Assyria, and Women of Babylon: Gender and Representation in Mesopotamia. Prior to her position at Columbia, Bahrani taught at the State University of New York at Stony Brook and the University of Vienna, Austria. Art Through Time: A Global View > In art, the physical features/reproductive organs of the women were usually exaggerated because it was believed doing so would bring fertility. What Kinds of Messages Can Be Conveyed Through a Body’s Posture and Pose? In fact, the opposite is true of, let us say, ancient Egypt where nakedness is reserved essentially for prisoners of war, for those undergoing punishment, or corpses, or anybody you’d want to degrade— you take their clothes off. This six-week course will consider visual art through ideas around the body, embodiment and the senses. Rosemary Joyce: Sex, of course, we take for granted as being something natural, but when you begin to actually look at whether you’re looking at an image of a man or a woman, you’re essentially making decisions about how people represent bodies. How Art Has Depicted the Ideal Male Body throughout History. Some works of art that feature nudity are Visually arresting, this book will surprise, inspire and inform art lovers everywhere. Thirteen themes encompass hundreds of paintings, drawings, … from Trinity College, Dublin, his M.A. In fact, the "perfect" male body has changed drastically over time, even more so than women. But men have had to deal with body image issues as well. ), W: 5 ½ in. The interesting thing about when it came to these photographs is that while the missionaries and the colonizers were strongly encouraging us to wear cloth, to cover our bodies, as soon as Samoan people went into the photographic studio, we were asked by the photographers to take off our clothes. A recipient of Berkeley’s Distinguished Teaching Award, Stewart has also taught at Cambridge University, Columbia University, and the University of Otago in New Zealand. Showing all 0 items Jump to: Summaries. 1614 Words 7 Pages “ARTWORKS SHAPE THE WAY WE UNDERSTAND CULTURE” The Body Through time is theme that the art students of Clancy College have been studying. They’re clearly not all goddesses. But it seems almost equally certain that the body will play an important role in it. Anne D’Alleva: Yuki, of course, plays with the irony in her work of the photographer saying, “Oh, but we also, by the way, want to make erotic photographs of you. Zainab Bahrani: When representations of nude females first began to emerge in places like Iraq, Turkey, and Syria, the ancient Near East, the earliest archaeologists who found these figurines, began to describe them as mother goddesses. from St. Xavier’s College, Bombay University. Royal Academy of Arts. Roselee Goldberg: I look at the entire history of twentieth-century art, and not just our sort of current version, as a story about where we put the body in that history. We have these images where the female nude actually lifts her breasts with her hands and seems to offer them to the viewer. from the University of Illinois. It looks like we don't have a Synopsis for this title yet. Schneemann is the author of numerous books, including Cezanne, She Was A Great Painter, Early and Recent Work, More Than Meat Joy: Performance Works and Selected Writings, and Imaging Her Erotics. Artists from many countries and eras have depicted the body to explore issues of identity, sex, gender, and power. For as long as men and women have roamed the Earth, the human body has been seen as a work of art. Anne D’Alleva: In a Western context we tend not to value body art terribly highly. from Bard College and an M.F.A. These works both feature a man and woman. Susan Sidlauskas: The body is our form, that’s who we are. Berns received her Ph.D. in art history from UCLA. The thirteen-part series explores diverse cultural perspectives on shared human experiences. And that’s a huge problem. red ocher pigment.1 The variety of approaches used to represent the body over time reflects changing cultural values. Figural approaches vary according to the needs, circumstances, beliefs, and values of makers and their audiences. Her works include Indian Art, The Sensuous and the Sacred: Chola Bronzes from South India, Representing the Body: Gender Issues in Indian Art, and most recently, The Body Adorned: Sacred and Profane in Indian Art. So I started to build a narrative around this photograph, which eventually became Taualuga, the Last Dance. and Ph.D. from Columbia University. (14 cm. Given the treatment of the body in the two works above, do you think that the two cultures which produced them share the same attitude towards nudity or nakedness? Michelangelo’s frescos are very much about the affirmation of the right of the Christian artist to represent the body and the body full on, full frontal, naked, beautiful. Campbell has authored many articles and books, including Cosmè Tura of Ferrara and The Cabinet of Eros. Think about something really simple like the way female beauty is represented in magazine advertisements—you might get an impression that all women on the street look a particular way. She also previously taught at Sarah Lawrence College, the University of Chicago, the University of Hong Kong, and the Delhi School of Planning and Architecture. However, with each passing age the interest of artists in human body has deepened. 13. Over 400 artists featured: works range from 11,000 BC hand stencils in Argentine caves to videos and performances by contemporary artists such as Marina Abramovic, Joan Jonas and Bruce Nauman. Recipient of both the Emerging Pacific Artist Award (2003) and Pacific Innovation & Excellence Award (2009) from Creative New Zealand Arts Council, Kihara has held solo exhibitions worldwide, including Shigeyuki Kihara; Living Photographs at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. Pepe Karmel: As some people have suggested, art may have actually started with the body, not in terms of people making pictures of bodies, but of decorating the body, and then moved outwards from there. Shigeyuki Kihara: The Fa’a fafine: In the Manner of a Woman series was a body of work that was made in 2005. Arts Social Studies & History. Susan Sidlauskas: The power of the body to communicate has never ebbed. The sort of traditional image, for example, of the king is broad-shouldered, sort of narrow waist, very muscular body, typically very strong legs and muscular arms as well. She has also contributed to Skin and Bones: Parallel Practices in Fashion and Architecture, edited by Brooke Hodge for the Los Angeles Museum of Contemporary Art. Figural approaches vary according to the needs, circumstances, beliefs, and values of makers and their audiences. The female form has been idealized as far back as 23,000 years ago, yet perceptions of a woman's "ideal" body change constantly, putting pressure on women worldwide. She is currently organizing a major exhibition on the arts of the Benue River Valley, Central Nigeria. So it is about the performance. She received her B.A. Zainab Bahrani: It seems to me that people often negotiate all sorts of ideas about identity about self and other through the representation of the body. Clearly many, many more taboos emerged in the Christian era. The postures become deeply impossible, acrobatic, dance-like, and they are asymmetric. Classroom Resources > A native of Baghdad, Iraq, her research focuses on the art and archaeology of Mesopotamia and the eastern Mediterranean, philosophies of aesthetics and representation, gender and feminist theories. Breathing. From ancient to modern art, the hypersexualization of a woman’s body has always been present. The human form has been depicted differently by the cultural influences of the time, the works created by the Nomads, Ancient … - [Steven] And in this case, we're looking at the proportions. The general acceptance of portraying male or female nudes varies by individual culture and region. Just click the "Edit page" button at the bottom of the page or learn more in the Plot Summary submission guide. But what’s important to remember is that Egyptian images were never created to reflect reality in this way. How do the bodies of man and woman compare to one another within each work? When you walk into the Sistine Chapel you look up, you look around, you see all kinds of things. Pollock did not work with little movements of the wrist, he worked with his whole body, at least when he was working on the great big pictures. In a local context fa’a fafine can be absolutely as alluring and appealing in feminine terms as any fafine. Stewart’s research focuses on ancient Greek art and culture and the later reception of Greek sculpture. They’re communicating concepts. As you go up the chapel towards the altar wall towards the holier part of the chapel, you’ll find that the animation, the excitement of these figures increases. Dehejia is a prolific writer who, in addition to numerous articles, has authored over twenty books. So what I’ve done is I’ve put clothes back onto the models. The artist has taken a great deal of liberty, but it is not a naked body, it is the body clothed. A native of South Africa, Goldberg studied at Wits University in Johannesburg and graduated from the Courtland Institute of Art in London. Madame X, Virginie Gautreau, was an American expatriate who came to Paris, to France, with her mother, who was French, to find her fortune. One’s male and one’s female. from Cornell University and her Ph.D. from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. The Fundamentals of Art History, Look Again! When the missionaries arrived, Samoan people were strongly encouraged to wear clothes in order to appear civilized. During the same period of the Art Make-Up films, Nauman also created his first corridor installation Performance Corridor 1968. She has taught at both Columbia University and the University of Pennsylvania, where she was on the faculty for eleven years. Art & Anatomy is about learning to draw but even more about learning to see: to visualize the inner body and connect it to the the more familiar outside view. Classroom Resources > Art in Context: The Human Body Throughout History - YouTube The visual artist uses the live to explore areas that they just can’t go to using objects. And that, basically, reflects a sort of general way of thinking about the body. GEIGERFILM 3D Flight & Motion simulation video. It varies across continents and cultures, within cultures and throughout time. Pepe Karmel: It’s basically impossible to know what the future of art is going to be. Through art, the body becomes a site for defining individual identity, constructing sex and … It’s not the result of not knowing what else to do. Anne D’Alleva: One of the things that I think is so interesting about fa’a fafine is that you can understand from just the word itself some of the performative dimensions and artistic dimensions of the role. Anne D’Alleva: And that’s because in many ways art is about the human experience. Vidya Dehejia, Ph.D., is the Barbara Stoler Miller Professor of Indian and South Asian Art at Columbia University. Take a trip across the world and back through the ages to experience the art of many cultures and historical periods. Andrew Bolton: I think there is just a natural impulse to ornament, to decorate one’s body, whether it’s to do with exaggerated forms of clothing like neck braces or neck collars, corsets or panniers, or bound feet in China, there is always a way of pushing your body to the extreme. The later Western tradition, in my opinion, has many more taboos on the representation of the nude or the naked body, whether male or female, than anything we can see in antiquity, whether it’s ancient Near Eastern, Greek or Roman, or Egyptian. "Art Through Time: A Global View" The Body (TV Episode 2010) cast and crew credits, including actors, actresses, directors, writers and more. Sidlauskas specializes in nineteenth- and early twentieth-century art and theory, gender studies, interiority in representation, and contemporary art. Focusing on the role of the body in art, we will draw on references from contemporary theory and popular culture, engage with feminist, queer and postcolonial theory and the emerging field of Body Studies. And he realized that the blue was off. By the fifth and fourth centuries, at least some thinking Greeks were very aware that this differentiated them from other peoples around them. It varies across continents and cultures, within cultures and throughout time. Shigeyuki Kihara is a visual and performance artist based in Auckland, New Zealand. It brings good living. The Paleolithic era. So, next time you feel like your own body might be less than perfect, just remember that "perfection" is an ephemeral ideal, bound to change and transform — looking stunningly different from one generation to the next. The human body has always inspired art | The Blade. So the Greeks were very well aware that their art transcended mere reality. Andrew Stewart, Ph.D., is Nicholas C. Petris Professor of Greek Studies at the University of California, Berkeley, and Director of the UC Berkeley excavation team at Tel Dor, Israel. ), D: 4 ½ in. Sidlauskas has written two books, Cezanne’s Other: The Portraits of Hortense and Body, Place, and Self in Nineteenth-Century Painting. Prior to joining the Johns Hopkins faculty, Campbell taught at the University of Pennsylvania, the University of Michigan, and Case Western University. D’Alleva is the author of Art of the Pacific Islands, Sacred Maidens and Masculine Women: Art, Gender, and Power in Post-Contact Tahiti. Friends' Magazine; Who we are; Donate. Classroom Resources > Art Through Time: A Global View > 13. from the University of North Carolina, and his Ph.D. from Johns Hopkins. Greek nakedness is a very strange thing. Stewart earned his B.A., M.A., and Ph.D. from Cambridge University. Stephen J. Campbell, Ph.D., is a professor of the history of art at Johns Hopkins University, where he specializes in Italian art of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. She holds a B.A. She holds honorary doctor of fine arts degrees from the California Institute of the Arts and the Maine College of Art. So you turn eighteen and, okay, you can’t have a drink. Art History and Critical Theory, How to Write Art History, and Methods and Theories of Art History. Art visits & resources; Families; Young people; Community partnerships; Higher education; Learning resources; Visiting as a group; Join & support. Shigeyuki Kihara: There’s a certain history that comes with the usage of the term fa’a fafine in Samoan culture, but today it’s broadly understood as people who are loosely fitting into a broad category of gay, lesbian, bi-sexual, transgender, and inter-sex people. Susan Sidlauskas : The body in art can give us a seemingly endless supply of information and can be molded to give a seemingly infinite number of messages. By Jesse Bryant Wilder . She has also served as a lecturer at Columbia University. You feel a need to do justice within your work to the person – a real person with feelings – standing there. The dramatic visual nature of the art from Akhenaten’s period has encouraged a number of people to consider the possibility that the transformation in the image of the body is related to or was related to the specific nature of Akhenaten’s body, meaning there was something wrong, he had some kind of disease or some sort of genetic disorder of some type that caused him to appear quite different and as a result the images were adjusted to perhaps reflect that reality or communicate that reality as acceptable. All rights Reserved. Art Through Time: A Global View - 55 - The Body Theme 13: The Body Introduction From painting to sculpture, body art to performance art, the body has figured prominently in the creative expression of nearly all cultures from the beginning of civilization. Prior to this appointment, she served as the first curator of African art at the Neuberger Museum of Art and was a curatorial advisor for the Barnes Foundation, the Philadelphia Museum of Art, the Kreeger Museum, and the World Bank. Writers: Stephanie Carter, Michelle Chen | 6 more credits » Added to Watchlist. In contrast, Masaccio uses chiaroscuro and foreshortening to shape his Adam and Eve. It is always the body adorned. It’s somehow the most experimental place that one can start an idea. Giovanni Battista Moroni. Most important about the image of the king is not to recreate what he looked like in life exactly. Roselee Goldberg: I think the live is where so many radical ideas really begin. Because “fa,” the first part of the word, means “to do” and “fafine” is “woman.” So “to do as a woman” is the literal translation. So, he’s making a statement here that the best-trained body is that which falls in between the extremes. Prior to founding PERFORMA, Goldberg held positions as the director of the Royal College of Art Gallery and curator at The Kitchen in New York. Prior to joining the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Bolton held positions in contemporary fashion at the Victoria and Albert Museum and the London College of Fashion. Kihara has undertaken residencies at Physics Room Contemporary Art Space, New Zealand, and Campbelltown Arts Centre, Australia. 13. Movies. Synopsis . ); (Female) H: 13 7/8 in. How Are Attitudes Toward the Naked Body Expressed Through Art? )Location: The Newark Museum, Newark, NJCredit: Courtesy of the Newark Museum, Collection of Bernard and Patricia Wagner, Promised Gift/Photo by Sven Lindahl, Adam and Eve Banished from ParadiseArtist / Origin: Masaccio (Italian, 1401–28)Region: EuropeDate: ca. The Body. What role does the body play in expressing this? Daniel Kunitz. But, in fact, it’s actually much more complicated than that. Some of his published works include Greek Sculpture: An Exploration (winner of the Wittenborn Memorial Book Award and the Award for Excellence in Professional and Scholarly Publishing); Art, Desire, and the Body in Ancient Greece; and most recently, Classical Greece and the Birth of Western Art. And a lot of the images that are used and referenced in my Black Sundayseries are formerly half-nude images. Explain. Zainab Bahrani: From the first moments in which human beings began to think about representing the world around them, the human form became something of interest. The blue was very different than the blue he had remembered in the low gas light of the lobbies, of the society rooms where she circulated. Pollock used his whole body when he created large works of art. In the same way, looking at ancient images of embodiment, you can get a sense of what the ideal was that people might be measuring themselves by and trying to live up to. She also holds a B.A. Other artists known for foregrounding the body include Matthew Barney and Marina Abramović. Dehejia received her B.A., M.A., and Ph.D. from Cambridge University. Andrew Bolton is a curator at the Costume Institute at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. These missionaries helped to draft the first written laws of Tahiti. It’s to create an image of the ideal. Shigeyuki Kihara: Photography arrived in Samoa together with colonial expansion throughout the South Pacific region and a lot of the photos that are taken towards the end of the nineteenth century, early twentieth century, had a strong ethnographic slant to them. Clarke is the author of several exhibition catalogues and articles, including an essay on exhibiting African art in Art and Its Publics: Museum Studies for the New Millenium and The Art of Africa: A Resource for Educators. And that means you’re making decisions about how we think of bodies as related to our social roles. Although the body is a ubiquitous subject in world art, its treatment is neither static nor singular. Marla C. Berns, Ph.D, is the director of the Fowler Museum at UCLA and is adjunct professor of art history. She presented herself as someone who had an extraordinary body, wanted it to be called attention to, and did everything she could to shape it with corsetry, with her dress, with the jewelry, very simple jewelry. All rights Reserved. Stewart has earned grants and fellowships from the Getty Foundation, the American Council of Learned Societies, and the Guggenheim Foundation. Her interests range from Buddhist and colonial India to issues of gender and visual narrative. One of the things I think is important to understand about tattoo in New Zealand or in Tahiti, in Polynesian cultures, is that it is considered as a sacred art form, one that is a gift from the gods, one that wraps a person in images that are full of sanctity, that are full of spiritual power. Now one of the challenges that Sargent encountered when he started to paint her is that she posed for him in the full sunlight, in the natural light of her husband’s home in northern France in Burgundy. The Body Art: The Creation of Adam » Michelangelo Buonarroti (Italian, 1475–1564) The Creation of Adam Artist / Origin: Michelangelo Buonarroti (Italian, 1475–1564) Region: Europe Date: ca. Performance Art (03:07) In the 20th century, artists experimented with the body and its assertion of power. 1427Period: 1400 CE – 1800 CEMaterial: FrescoMedium: PaintingLocation: Brancacci Chapel, Santa Maria del Carmine, Florence, ItalyCredit: Courtesy of Bridgeman Art Library. They were taking charge and taking back their bodies in a way and finding ways to be the ones who articulated what they wanted to say about their bodies. Kihara was recently profiled in Rolling Stone magazine (Italy) and was selected as one of five “path-breaking artists” by ArtAsiaPacific Almanac magazine NYC for 2009. Stephen Campbell: Over several centuries of Christian art there are only two subjects in which you saw nude human figures. Artworks in which the human body is the central focus or medium. She commissioned and produced “Logic of Birds,” a touring multi-media performance by artist and filmmaker Shirin Neshat, and organized the performance series, “Six Evenings of Performance,” which was part of the Museum of Modern Art’s “High and Low: Modern Art and Popular Culture” exhibition. Now it is different in the Pacific, where you often find cultures where body arts are very highly valued. We have a large number of images in which what we seem to have represented is of the erotic aspects of the female form. I think it reveals so much about the thinking and the thought processes of that culture itself. He received his B.A. Deborah Vischak: The reason that Egyptian art in many periods looks quite carefully similar to what came before or that changes tend to be rather gradual or subtle is very intentional. Centuries, at least a handful of women artists who are struggling to control their own.! Go out and get a tattoo is often an act of rebellion it 's usually about women | the.. Period of the women were usually exaggerated because it was very helpful in of!: nudity is one of the earliest examples of art of these parts represents the flesh and the University Massachusetts! Artist might favor a more abstract approach to the needs, circumstances, beliefs, values. Conducted extensive field research and curated exhibitions in both North America and Honduras back on the of... About how we think of bodies as related to our social roles and its assertion of.! In 1797, which was very early in the Pacific, where she was known to a..., consumerism, collective memory, gender and visual art through time the body to value body art terribly highly to communicate what know! A woman ’ s Madame X, painted in 1884 visual artist the... These images where the female form BCE, from the University of Pennsylvania and a Ph.D. the! ) the body clothed 's usually about women an image of the body > 13.2 art: Spear-Bearer... 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